示例

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">

    <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no">
    <title>Query State Info without Map</title>

    <script src="https://js.arcgis.com/3.37/"></script>
    <script>
        require([
            "dojo/dom", "dojo/on",
            "esri/tasks/query", "esri/tasks/QueryTask", "dojo/domReady!"
        ], function (dom, on, Query, QueryTask) {
            //数据图层服务地址
            var queryTask = new QueryTask("https://sampleserver1.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/Demographics/ESRI_Census_USA/MapServer/5");

            //构建查询器
            var query = new Query();
            //返回地理信息
            query.returnGeometry = true;
            //输出字段
            query.outFields = [
                "SQMI", "STATE_NAME", "STATE_FIPS", "SUB_REGION", "STATE_ABBR",
                "POP2000", "POP2007", "POP00_SQMI", "POP07_SQMI", "HOUSEHOLDS",
                "MALES", "FEMALES", "WHITE", "BLACK", "AMERI_ES", "ASIAN", "OTHER",
                "HISPANIC", "AGE_UNDER5", "AGE_5_17", "AGE_18_21", "AGE_22_29",
                "AGE_30_39", "AGE_40_49", "AGE_50_64", "AGE_65_UP"
            ];
            //过滤条件
            query.where = "1=1";
            //执行查询
            queryTask.execute(query, showResults);

            //查询结果处理
            function showResults (results) {
                let resultCount = results.features.length;
                for (let i = 0; i < resultCount; i++) {
                    console.log(results.features[i]);
                }
            }
        });
    </script>
</head>
<body>
<h2>API参考：https://developers.arcgis.com/javascript/3/jsapi/querytask-amd.html</h2>
</body>
</html>